Children's Welfare

Judgments

Showing 184 judgments

No.TitleCourtDecision Date
1WVS v WVT: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Child Custody, and MaintenanceFamily Justice Courts of the republic of singapore18 Mar 2024
2VZJ v VZK: Child Custody, Matrimonial Assets Division, Child MaintenanceHigh Court of the Republic of Singapore7 Mar 2024
3Public Prosecutor v CPS: Sentencing of Young Offender for RapeGeneral Division of the High Court7 Mar 2024
4VEG v VEF: Appeal on Child Maintenance Variation - Full Disclosure and Material Change in CircumstancesGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)21 Feb 2024
5WQG v WQF: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Maintenance DisputeGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)13 Feb 2024
6WKM v WKN: Child Custody, Care and Control, and Judicial Interviews in Family LawCourt of Appeal of the Republic of Singapore6 Feb 2024
7WQI v WQH: Child Custody and Care & Control Dispute After DivorceGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)28 Jan 2024
8DDN v DDO: Appeal on Access Order Variation Based on Material Change in Circumstances and Therapeutic JusticeAppellate Division of the High Court of the Republic of Singapore16 Jan 2024
9WTB v WTC: Application for Second Extension of Time to File Notice of AppealGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)15 Jan 2024
10WRZ v WSA: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Maintenance DisputeFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore23 Nov 2023
11WQP v WQQ: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Child Custody, and Maintenance DisputeGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)9 Nov 2023
12GFN v Public Prosecutor: Appeal Against 24-Month Detention in Juvenile Rehabilitation CentreGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)5 Nov 2023
13VUG v VUF: Appeal on Variation of Consent Order in Family Law DisputeGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)31 Oct 2023
14VMG v VMH: Father's Access to Child Increased Despite Autism DiagnosisFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore24 Oct 2023
15DDO v DDN: Variation of Access Orders Based on Father's Conduct and Children's WelfareFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore23 Oct 2023
16DDM v DDL: Division of Matrimonial Assets & CPF in DivorceFamily Division of the High Court2 Oct 2023
17VXM v VXN: Division of Matrimonial Assets & Wife/Child MaintenanceGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)14 Sept 2023
18Blomberg v Khan: Appeal on Setting Aside Consent Order under Protection from Harassment ActGeneral Division of the High Court29 Aug 2023
19PP v Xavier Yap: Culpable Homicide, Mentally Disordered Offenders, SentencingGeneral Division of the High Court14 Aug 2023
20CVC v CVB: Division of Matrimonial Assets, CPF, Child Maintenance, and Parental ResponsibilityAppellate Division of the High Court7 Aug 2023
21Prasanth s/o Mogan v Public Prosecutor: Rioting with Deadly Weapon, Voyeurism, Sentencing of Young OffendersGeneral Division of the High Court of the Republic of Singapore1 Aug 2023
22WOP v Public Prosecutor: Youth Offender Sentencing Appeal - Detention at Singapore Girl's HomeGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)13 Jul 2023
23CJH v Public Prosecutor: Appeal Against Sentence for Sexual Offences Against MinorCourt of Appeal of the republic of singapore5 Jul 2023
24WNE v Public Prosecutor: Appeal Against JRC Order Allowed, Home Probation Granted Based on ParityGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)4 Jun 2023
25PP v Muhammad Salihin: Murder Charge, Voluntarily Causing Grievous Hurt, Joint TrialGeneral Division of the High Court of the Republic of Singapore24 May 2023
26WKN v WKM: Child Custody and Access Dispute AppealGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)14 May 2023
27Oliver Lim Yue Xuan v Public Prosecutor: Appeal for Second Chance at Probation for Young OffenderGeneral Division of the High Court of the Republic of Singapore11 May 2023
28WLK v Public Prosecutor: Appeal Against Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre Order for Harassment Act OffenceFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore19 Apr 2023
29WJW v WJX: Appeal on Division of Matrimonial Assets After DivorceGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)11 Apr 2023
30WLL v WLM: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Wife's Maintenance in DivorceFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore2 Apr 2023
31WIQ v WIP: Appeal on Care and Control and Access Orders for Children After DivorceGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)26 Mar 2023
32UBQ v UBR: Child Custody, Care and Control, and Overseas Travel SecurityAppellate Division of the High Court of the Republic of Singapore22 Mar 2023
33CXR v CXQ: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Child Custody, Care & ControlGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)7 Mar 2023
34WGJ v WGI: Appeal on Matrimonial Asset Division and Child MaintenanceGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)6 Mar 2023
35VWJ v VWI: Child Custody, Care and Control, and Access Dispute Under Guardianship of Infants ActGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)22 Feb 2023
36VWM v VWN: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Matrimonial Home DisputeGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)15 Jan 2023
37WDB v WDA: Appeal on Child Maintenance Variation After Relocation to the United StatesGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)12 Jan 2023
38WDW v WDX: Child Custody, Access, and Maintenance DisputeFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore22 Dec 2022
39WJG v WJH: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Maintenance Dispute in DivorceFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore15 Dec 2022
40VEV v VEW: Child Maintenance Variation Appeal - Uninsured Medical ExpensesFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore15 Dec 2022
41PP v Azlin & Ridzuan: Murder Sentencing Appeal for Child Scalding CaseCourt of Appeal of the Republic of Singapore17 Oct 2022
42WGG v WGH: Custody, Matrimonial Assets Division, Wife & Child MaintenanceFamily Justice Courts of the republic of singapore12 Sept 2022
43Public Prosecutor v BVR: Aggravated Rape of Minors & SentencingGeneral Division of the High Court17 Aug 2022
44UKS v UKR: Child Custody, Care and Control, and Relocation DisputeGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)10 Aug 2022
45WAA v VZZ: Child Custody and Access Dispute in Divorce ProceedingsFamily Justice Courts of the republic of singapore28 Jul 2022
46PP v BZT: Sentencing for Sexual Assaults Against MinorsGeneral Division of the High Court of the Republic of Singapore26 Jun 2022
47WAY v WAZ: Variation of Access Orders Appeal in Singapore Family CourtGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)8 Jun 2022
48VXF v VXE: Appeal for Care and Control and Relocation of Children to IndonesiaAppellate Division of the High Court31 May 2022
49UBQ v UBR: Child Custody, Care and Control, and Access Dispute after Relocation AttemptFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore30 May 2022
50VZD v VZE: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Children's Maintenance DisputeGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)23 May 2022
51Public Prosecutor v CDL: Sentencing for Sexual Assault of a MinorGeneral Division of the High Court of the Republic of Singapore22 May 2022
52Public Prosecutor v BVJ: Father Sentenced for Sexual Assault and Ill-Treatment of DaughtersGeneral Division of the High Court17 Mar 2022
53VLI v VLJ: Child Custody, Care and Control, and Singapore Citizenship ApplicationFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore9 Mar 2022
54VOD v VOC: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Maintenance DisputeAppellate Division of the High Court of the Republic of Singapore17 Feb 2022
55Public Prosecutor v CNJ: Sentencing for Culpable Homicide by Young OffenderGeneral Division of the High Court23 Jan 2022
56CLB v CLC: Child Custody, Care & Control, Access, and Maintenance Dispute Post-DivorceFamily Justice Courts of the republic of singapore20 Jan 2022
57Pilgrim v Asian Appraisal: Negligence in Asset Valuation and Loan SecurityGeneral Division of the High Court16 Jan 2022
58-28 Dec 2021
59-7 Dec 2021
60VTP v VTO: Divorce Based on Unreasonable Behaviour and Financial IrresponsibilityGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)21 Oct 2021
61VMG v VMH: Child Custody, Care and Control Dispute in Divorce ProceedingsFamily Justice Courts of the republic of singapore22 Aug 2021
62VLI v VLJ: Guardianship of Infants Act & Welfare of Child in SingaporeGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)27 Jul 2021
63UFU v UFV: Child Maintenance Variation Application Post-DivorceFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore26 Jul 2021
64CLB v. CLC: Division of Matrimonial Assets under Women's CharterGeneral Division of the High Court (Family Division)23 Jun 2021
65VGN v VGO: Cross-Appeals on Division of Matrimonial Assets, Child Custody, and MaintenanceHigh Court (Family Division)21 Jan 2021
66VNW v VNX: Division of Matrimonial Assets & Maintenance Post-DivorceFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore3 Jan 2021
67UNQ v UNR: Appeal Against Personal Protection Order in Family Violence CaseHigh Court (Family Division)23 Nov 2020
68TEN v TEO: Child Custody, Care and Control, Access, and Maintenance DisputeHigh Court (Family Division)22 Nov 2020
69VDT v VDU: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Custody, and Maintenance DisputeFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore5 Oct 2020
70UYK v UYJ: Child Relocation, Care and Control Dispute to UKFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore5 Jul 2020
71UYT v UYU: Appeal on Child Maintenance for Overseas University EducationHigh Court (Family Division)23 Mar 2020
72UUV v UUU: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Child Maintenance, and Spousal Maintenance in DivorceFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore16 Mar 2020
73VET v VEU: Guardianship of Infants Act - Same-Sex Couple, Parental Responsibility, and Welfare of ChildrenFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore13 Feb 2020
74VDZ v VEA: High-Conflict Divorce, Contempt of Court, Child Custody, and Division of Matrimonial AssetsFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore9 Jan 2020
75UZO v UZP: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Child & Wife MaintenanceHigh Court (Family Division)18 Dec 2019
76UPD v UPC: Child's Name Change Dispute Under Guardianship of Infants ActFamily Justice Courts of the republic of singapore17 Dec 2019
77UXH v UXI: Relocation of Children after Divorce - Singapore Family LawFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore8 Dec 2019
78UHA v UHB: Child Maintenance Dispute - Proof of Neglect or RefusalHigh Court (Family Division)26 May 2019
79TZQ v TZR: Division of Matrimonial Assets & Wife's Maintenance in DivorceHigh Court — District Court Appeal from the Family Courts17 Jan 2019
80UMF v UMG: Guardianship of Infants Act & Locus Standi of Non-Parents in Custody DisputeFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore11 Dec 2018
81ULA v UKZ: Relocation Application, Child Custody, Care and ControlHigh Court4 Dec 2018
82UMU v UMT: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Damages for Pain and Suffering, and Child MaintenanceFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore11 Nov 2018
83UOY v UOZ: Division of Matrimonial Assets & Wife's Maintenance After 31-Year MarriageFamily Justice Courts29 Oct 2018
84-15 Aug 2018
85TAU v TAT: Child Custody, Care and Control, and Access DisputeFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore7 Aug 2018
86UNB v Child Protector: Care and Protection Orders & State Intervention in Family LawFamily Justice Courts of the republic of singapore25 Jul 2018
87UFU (M.W.) v UFV: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Wife & Child MaintenanceFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore24 Sept 2017
88-28 Aug 2017
89UDF v UDG: Child Access Dispute Over Teenage Daughter's Summer VacationFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore3 Jul 2017
90TND v TNC: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Access Orders AppealCourt of Appeal of the Republic of Singapore26 Apr 2017
91Public Prosecutor v. Kusrini Bt Caslan Arja: Appeal on Sentencing for Child Ill-TreatmentHigh Court of the Republic of Singapore25 Apr 2017
92Public Prosecutor v BDB: Sentencing for Voluntarily Causing Grievous Hurt and Ill-treatment of ChildHigh Court of the Republic of Singapore9 Oct 2016
93AUA v ATZ: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Child Maintenance, and Care & ControlCourt of Appeal of the Republic of Singapore11 Jul 2016
94TOC v TOD: Application to Vary Consent Order for Child MaintenanceFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore26 May 2016
95PP v Lee Seow Peng: Rape, Sexual Grooming, & Children and Young Persons Act OffencesHigh Court of the Republic of Singapore25 May 2016
96TNC v TND: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Maintenance, and Child Custody under the Women's CharterFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore16 May 2016
97AZB v AZC: Child Custody, Care and Control, and Access Dispute Post-DivorceFamily Justice Courts of the Republic of Singapore5 Jan 2016
98THL v THM: Child Custody, Matrimonial Asset Division, and Maintenance Dispute in DivorceHigh Court8 Nov 2015
99AEH v AEI: Application for Leave to File Certificate of Final Judgment (Divorce)High Court1 Oct 2015
100Public Prosecutor v Sim Wei Liang Benjamin: Statutory Rape, Sexual Penetration, and Offences Against ChildrenHigh Court13 Sept 2015
101AVM v AWH: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Wife's Maintenance, Custody and Access of TripletsHigh Court26 Jul 2015
102ATZ v AUA: Child Maintenance and Rental Contribution Dispute in Divorce ProceedingsHigh Court13 Jul 2015
103ANJ v ANK: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Maintenance After DivorceCourt of Appeal6 Jul 2015
104Public Prosecutor v AUB: Father Sentenced for Sexual Assault of DaughterHigh Court25 Jun 2015
105TCT v TCU: Interim Maintenance Under Women's Charter - Proof of Failure to Provide Reasonable MaintenanceHigh Court21 May 2015
106JBE v JBF: Guardianship of Infants Act - Determining Child Custody and WelfareHigh Court4 May 2015
107BNS v BNT: Child Relocation, Welfare of Child, and Parental RelationshipsCourt of Appeal19 Apr 2015
108ASI v ASJ: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Maintenance in DivorceHigh Court8 Apr 2015
109ARV v ARW: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Maintenance Dispute in Divorce ProceedingsHigh Court15 Mar 2015
110-9 Feb 2015
111AOB v AOC: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Maintenance in DivorceHigh Court19 Jan 2015
112APE v APF: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Child Custody, and Maintenance DisputeHigh Court19 Jan 2015
113APA v APB: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Child Access, and Wife's Maintenance Post-DivorceHigh Court21 Dec 2014
114APC v APD: Child Custody Dispute and Variation of Care and Control OrdersHigh Court3 Dec 2014
115ANT v ANU: Child Custody Dispute and Forum Non Conveniens in International Family LawHigh Court6 Nov 2014
116Tan Yan Ling Kyna v Chan Wei Zhong Terence: Appeal Against Early Divorce Writ FilingHigh Court2 Oct 2014
117ANJ v ANK: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Maintenance Dispute in Divorce ProceedingsHigh Court29 Sept 2014
118ANB v ANC: Illegally Obtained Evidence & Exclusionary Discretion in Civil ProceedingsHigh Court9 Sept 2014
119AYM v AYL: Variation of Consent Order for Maintenance and Division of Matrimonial AssetsCourt of Appeal25 Aug 2014
120AMB v AMC: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Custody DisputeHigh Court25 Aug 2014
121AKC v AKD: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Maintenance DisputeHigh Court15 Jul 2014
122AOF v ACP: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Custody DisputeHigh Court19 May 2014
123ADL v ADM: Child Access Rights Dispute Between Divorcing ParentsHigh Court8 May 2014
124ADB v ADC: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Spousal Maintenance in DivorceHigh Court16 Apr 2014
125ABW v ABV: Child Custody Dispute Over Care and Control Post-DivorceHigh Court18 Feb 2014
126AXM v AXO: Overlapping Interim & Final Maintenance Orders Under Women's CharterCourt of Appeal16 Feb 2014
127BDU v BDT: Hague Convention, International Child Abduction, Grave Risk of Psychological HarmCourt of Appeal16 Feb 2014
128BMJ v BMK: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Custody DisputeHigh Court13 Jan 2014
129BNH v BNI: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Wife and Children Maintenance, Private Investigator CostsHigh Court29 Dec 2013
130Kwee Lee Fung Ivon v Lim Gordon: Division of Matrimonial Assets & Wife's MaintenanceHigh Court28 Oct 2013
131ATS v ATT: Appeal on Child Custody, Maintenance, and Division of Matrimonial AssetsHigh Court19 Aug 2013
132Re BJU to be called B: Adoption Application Appeal - Welfare of Child ParamountHigh Court18 Jul 2013
133BJS v BJT: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Maintenance in DivorceHigh Court11 Jul 2013
134BDU v BDT: International Child Abduction Act & Hague Convention InterpretationHigh Court14 May 2013
135BHL v BHM: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Custody, Care and Control and Access DisputeHigh Court28 Apr 2013
136BCB v BCC: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Custody Dispute under Women's CharterCourt of Appeal27 Jan 2013
137BDC v BDD: Appeal for Custody Variation DismissedHigh Court21 Oct 2012
138AAL v AAK: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Lump Sum Maintenance in DivorceHigh Court19 Jul 2012
139AXW v AXX: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Wife's Maintenance AppealHigh Court4 Jun 2012
140ATT v ATS: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Wife's Maintenance After DivorceCourt of Appeal2 Apr 2012
141AQL v AQM: Child Custody Dispute Over Care and Control of a Young ChildHigh Court15 Dec 2011
142XZ v YA: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Maintenance Dispute in Divorce ProceedingsHigh Court10 Nov 2011
143Nathan v Chin: Division of Matrimonial Assets in Divorce After 25 YearsHigh Court21 Sept 2011
144Chan Pui Yin v Lim Tiong Kei: Division of Matrimonial Assets After DivorceHigh Court1 Sept 2011
145AJE v AJF: Husband's Duty to Maintain Child & Wife's Maintenance ApplicationHigh Court8 May 2011
146AQB v AQC: Appeal on Conditions for Final Divorce Judgment under Women's CharterHigh Court26 Apr 2011
147AFS v AFU: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Validity of Separation Deed in Divorce ProceedingsHigh Court6 Mar 2011
148Public Prosecutor v AOM: Statutory Rape and Sexual Penetration of a MinorHigh Court6 Feb 2011
149AON v AOO: Setting Aside Ancillary Orders in Divorce ProceedingsHigh Court19 Jan 2011
150ACU v ACR: Child Custody, Care & Control, Matrimonial Asset Division in DivorceHigh Court28 Oct 2010
151AKF v AKG: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Child Custody & Maintenance DisputeHigh Court4 Aug 2010
152AJR v AJS: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Maintenance in DivorceHigh Court14 Jul 2010
153AHJ v AHK: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Custody Dispute in DivorceHigh Court9 May 2010
154PP v Firdaus bin Abdullah: Child Abuse, Grievous Hurt, and SentencingHigh Court16 Mar 2010
155Public Prosecutor v AEY: Child Abuse and Sexual Assault CaseHigh Court4 Jan 2010
156AAV v AAW: Child Custody Dispute - Best Interests of Child & Parental DisciplineHigh Court30 Jul 2009
157Teo Sew Eng v Public Prosecutor: Aiding and Abetting Mischief by Fire in Family DisputeHigh Court12 Apr 2009
158TQ v TR: Prenuptial Agreement Validity & Division of Matrimonial AssetsCourt of Appeal2 Feb 2009
159Ho Kiang Fah v Toh Buan Eileen: Appeal Against Divorce Granted Based on 4-Year SeparationHigh Court15 Jan 2009
160MB v MC: Appeal for Variation of Maintenance DismissedHigh Court30 Dec 2008
161Yip Mei Ling Agnes v Tan Thiam Chye: Appeal Against Maintenance Orders in Divorce ProceedingsHigh Court9 Dec 2007
162TC v TD: Variation of Maintenance Order Based on Material Change of CircumstancesHigh Court14 Aug 2007
163NK v NL: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Wife Maintenance, Child Custody & WelfareCourt of Appeal of the Republic of Singapore18 Jul 2007
164TV v TW: Division of Matrimonial Assets, Child Custody & MaintenanceHigh Court16 Jul 2007
165TT v TU: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Maintenance DisputeHigh Court22 May 2007
166Koh Bee Choo v Choo Chai Huah: Division of Matrimonial Assets under Women's CharterHigh Court2 Oct 2006
167EB v EC: Divorce, Maintenance of Stepchildren - Duty to MaintainHigh Court14 Mar 2006
168Wong Ser Wan v Ng Cheong Ling: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child MaintenanceHigh Court27 Nov 2005
169CX v CY: Child Custody, Care & Control, and Access DisputeHigh Court27 Jan 2005
170CZ v DA: Grandmother's Custody and Access Application for GrandchildHigh Court23 Sept 2004
171G v R: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Maintenance Dispute in Divorce ProceedingsHigh Court26 Nov 2003
172Re G: Guardianship of Infant - Custody Dispute Between ParentsHigh Court28 Oct 2003
173AD v AE: Appeal on Custody Order - Extension of Time for Service of Notice of AppealHigh Court21 Oct 2003
174G v R: Custody Dispute - Welfare of Child, Parental Mental Health, and Tender Years DoctrineHigh Court8 Sept 2003
175Peh Soh Kiat v Teo Wee Eng: Application for Increase in Child MaintenanceHigh Court14 Apr 2003
176Goh Yong Hng v Cheong Yen Teng: Appeal for Private Investigator Costs in Adultery Divorce CaseHigh Court13 Apr 2003
177G (Custody of Infant): Child Custody, Access, and Variation of OrdersHigh Court16 Mar 2003
178CYX v CYY: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Child Maintenance DisputeHigh Court18 Feb 2003
179Custody Dispute: Father vs. Maternal Grandparents for Infant's WelfareCourt of Appeal13 Nov 2002
180Neo Mei Lan Helena v Long Melvin Anthony: Division of Matrimonial Assets & Maintenance DisputeHigh Court28 Jul 2002
181A (an infant): Custody Dispute Between French Citizen Father and Moroccan/French Citizen Mother in SingaporeHigh Court27 Mar 2002
182A (Infant) v B: Forum Non Conveniens in Child Custody DisputeHigh Court27 Mar 2002
183Pan Yee Ching v Wee Aik Joo: Division of Matrimonial Assets and Maintenance After DivorceHigh Court21 Nov 2001
184Cheng Thomas v PP: Appeal Against Reformative Training for Unruly Behavior at Boys' HomeHigh Court29 Nov 2000